IEC 61000 Family of Immunity Standards

Manufacturers must ensure their electrical and electronic devices comply with appropriate EMC directives and regulations before being placed in the market.

The IEC61000 family of immunity standards defines several electromagnetic phenomena and test methods to establish acceptable emission and immunity limits for the device under examination. The immunity tests measure a device's ability to counter different electromagnetic issues.

Surge Immunity Testing

IEC 61000-4-5 Standard

These tests relate to the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of test levels for equipment concerning unidirectional surges caused by overvoltage from switching and lightning transients. These provisions apply to electrical and electronic equipment. Surge is a phenomenon factor like indirect lightning and blackout incidents producing repetitive electrical fast transients and temporary power surges that may cause arcing, motor failures, and other troubles. Simulation tests validate the appropriate protection circuitry to ensure that there will be no concern when using the product.

Power frequency magnetic field immunity test

IEC 61000-4-8 Standard.

This test relates the immunity requirements of the equipment to the effects of magnetic field disturbances at power frequencies 50Hz and 60Hz to ensure the device performs satisfactorily under this phenomenon.

Voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations immunity tests

IEC 61000-4-11 Standard

These tests define the immunity methods and range of preferred test levels for electrical and electronic equipment connected to low-voltage power supply networks for AC voltage dips, power short interruptions, and voltage variations. This standard applies to electrical and electronic equipment having a rated input current not exceeding 16 A per phase for connection to 50 Hz or 60 Hz A.C.. networks

Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test

IEC 61000-4-3 Standard

This test applies to the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment to radiated electromagnetic energy. The object is to establish a reference for evaluating the immunity of the equipment when subjected to radiated, radio-frequency electromagnetic fields.

Electromagnetic noise generates from various sources, such as cellular, microwaves, and a Wi-Fi router.

Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test

IEC 61000-4-4 Standard

This test relates to the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment to repetitive electrical fast transients. It gives immunity requirements and test procedures to electric fast transients/bursts.

The rapid electrical transient is the disturbance caused by the inductive load switching on the electrical network. A burst source simulates the effects of transients produced by motors, switches, relays, and fluorescent lamp ballasts on the test unit.

Immunity to conducted disturbance induced by radio-frequency fields test

IEC 61000-4-6 Standard

This test relates to the conducted immunity requirements of electrical and electronic equipment to electromagnetic disturbances from intended radio-frequency (RF) transmitters in the frequency range 150kHz up to 80MHz. Immunity testing simulates potential disturbances from other devices powered by the same power grid or inductively coupled to its I/O lines.

Electrostatic discharge immunity test (ESD)

IEC 61000-4-6 Standard

ESD tests relate to the immunity requirements and test methods for electrical and electronic equipment subjected to static electricity accumulated static electricity discharge in a person and from personnel to adjacent objects, causing a spark or dielectric breakdown.

Short bursts of energy, typically at 4kV and 8kV, can damage sensitive pieces of the circuitry, like integrated circuits and communication ports, and harm LCDs.

Harmonic current emissions test

IEC 61000-3-2 Standard

This test deals with the harmonic current limitations injected into the public supply system. It specifies limits of harmonic components of the input current produced by equipment under specified conditions. It applies to electrical and electronic equipment with a rated input current up to and including 16 A per phase and connected to public low‑voltage distribution systems.

Voltage changes, voltage fluctuations, and flicker test

IEC 61000-3-3 Standard

The test concerns voltage fluctuations and flickers on the public supply system. The test specifies limits of voltage changes produced by the equipment under specified conditions. It applies to electrical and electronic equipment having an input current equal to or less than 16 A per phase.

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PLUGS AND SOCKET-OUTLETS FOR HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR PURPOSES

IEC 60884-1:2022 Part 1: General requirements

Publication date: 2022-08-04

IEC 60884-1 standard for plugs and fixed or portable socket-outlets for AC only, with or without earthing contact, with a minimum rated voltage of 50 V but not exceeding 440 V and a rated current not exceeding 32 A, intended for households and similar purposes, either indoors or outdoors.

Compatible plugs and socket outlets, when combined, form a plug-and-socket-outlet system.

The rated current is limited to 16 A maximum provided with crewless-type terminals.

IEC/TR 60083 standard describes the system used worldwide.

This document also applies to:

– plugs which are a part of cord sets;

– plugs and portable socket outlets that are a part of cord extension sets;

– plugs and sockets that are a component of an appliance;

– plugs and socket-outlet incorporating pilot lights.

This document does not apply to:

– plugs, socket outlets, and couplers for industrial purposes;

– appliance couplers;

– plugs, fixed and portable socket-outlets for extra low voltage (ELV); NOTE 2 ELV values are specified in IEC 60364-4-41.

– fixed socket outlets combined with fuses, automatic switches, etc.

Source

SFP Module - Lyfecycle

An SFP (small form-factor pluggable) module is a small interface used in telecommunication and data transfer hardware applications. It comes as pluggable ports for existing network infrastructure and can act as an interface between networking devices.

SFP modules come in a variety, running in distance, cable, and uses, providing the ability to convert Ethernet signals into fiber optics without changing the networking switch or router.

Main components of an SFP module

• TOSA (Transmitter Optical Sub-Assembly）

• ROSA (Receiver Optical Sub Assembly)

• LDD (Laser Diode Driver)

• CDR (Clock and Data Recovery)

• TIA(Trans-Impedance Amplifier)

• LA(Limiting Amplifier)

• MCU(Micro-Controller Unit)

Estimating the SFP life-cycle

The optical module is distinguished by having few components but high performance.

The data it receives and transmits is carried out at a very high speed within the circuit, which entails an amount of energy, producing temperature variations in the components, especially those active parts such as the MCU.

Due to these environmental factors, it is interesting, even necessary, to establish a life cycle at different temperatures (0-80ºC) for the SFP module during the development phase to ensure that the components chosen are the best.

In addition to compliance with the directives of electrical safety, EMC and RoHS, and communication protocols, a reliability estimation is a significant aspect of the device quality.

More and more manufacturers are estimating the life span of these kinds of modules to introduce a highly reliable product to the market.

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